In this study, the following is to be considered:
Eph. 6:10-18 – combating haSatan p.1: context p.1; text p.3; spiritual armour p.4;
Romans 13:12-14 – combating the flesh p.14: context p.14; text p.14;
2 Cor. 10:4 – destroying the strongholds p.17:
Application of spiritual warfare – Pastor Andre Trocme p.19:
References and Credits p.19:
Spiritual Warfare
Rabbi Sha`ul of Tarsus (Paul) knew what it was like living under an occupation force. All around the Mediterranean Sea Basin from modern day North Africa, the Levantine, through Asia Minor and into Europe and up to Britain, the Roman Empire stretched. Although life under Roman law was generally peaceful, persecution was always only an accusation away. Nevertheless, the vast majority of the Empire’s population were content to obey all the laws, as disobedience led to swift and often brutal reprisals. So long as they offered up the prescribed annual burnt incense and proclaim ‘Caesar is lord’, they were left alone.
People today are fighting on two fronts, living under the enemy forces of:
(i) HaSatan and its evil powers “Be sober and self-controlled. Be watchful. Your adversary, the devil, walks around like a roaring lion, seeking whom it may devour.” (1 Peter 5:8);
(ii) Our flesh and its evil inclination, “The heart is deceitful above all things, and it is exceedingly corrupt: who can know it?” (Jer. 17:9).
Eph. 6:10-18 – combating haSatan
“For our wrestling is not against flesh and blood, but against the principalities, against the powers, against the world’s rulers of the darkness of this age, and against the spiritual hosts of wickedness in the heavenly places.” (Eph. 6:12).
This is used for external attacks from haSatan, but its principles are useful in fighting the flesh.
Although the fight is a corporate battle, there is an element of close-fought, individual combat, such as found in the wrestling bout. Likewise, even in the great pitch battles throughout history, macro investigation shows army versus army. Yet, at the micro level, it is a multitude of individual battles, one on one.
Context
Although this letter is commonly referred to as ‘To The Assembly At Ephesus’ there is general agreement that this was not the only intended destination. Written around 61-63 C.E. whilst Sha`ul was in prison at Rome, there are no personal details, surprisingly so given that Sha`ul spent a long time at Ephesus. It is a very Gentile letter as opposed to other letters he wrote (Barclay(1) p.73). There does not seem to be any reference to a particular problem that needed addressing. Therefore, it is assumed that the letter was a circular to the Assemblies in Asia Minor (Barclay(1) p.82) or more specifically, the Assemblies of the Lycus Valley (Collosae, Laodecia, Hieropolis and Ephesus) (Massie p.11). This reflects the addressees
“Yochanan, to the seven assemblies that are in Asia:” (Rev. 1:4a). Grammatically,this is a single message but multiple recipients (see also Mini Bible Study The Seven Assemblies – Introduction – First Generation Assembly).
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Religious status: Ephesus was the centre of pagan worship and in particular, that of Artemis/Diana. The Temple of Artemis was one of the ancient Seven Wonders of the World. The city was renowned in the ancient world as being the centre of paganism/witchcraft. Many books of spells, known throughout the world as Ephesian Letters, were destroyed during Sha`ul’s visit, “Many of those who practiced magical arts brought their books together and burned them in the sight of all. They counted the price of them, and found it to be fifty thousand pieces of silver.” (Acts 19:19). (see also Mini Bible Study Ephesus – First Generation Assembly).
The Letter stresses unity in the Messiah, “being eager to keep the unity of HaRuach in the bond of shalom.” (Eph. 4:3) (Massie p.21) and may be the result of Sha`ul’s imprisonment leading to the opening of inter-assembly rivalries akin to the old civic and commercial jealousies of the cities. This Letter may well have been circulated to the general area to try to remove this budding problem. It may well be that with such a strong character as Sha`ul out of the way, opposition was gathering from both Gentile and Jewish non-Believers. This strife can be clearly be seen in the record of Sha`ul’s ministry, “When the seven days were almost completed, the Jews from Asia, when they saw him in the temple, stirred up all the multitude and laid hands on him, crying out, ‘Men of Yisra`el, help! This is the man who teaches all men everywhere against the people, and the law, and this place. Moreover, he also brought Gentiles into the temple, and has defiled this set apart place!” (Acts 21:27, 28 cf Acts 19:1-20:1) and referred to by Yochanan in Revelations (Rev. 2:1-11) (www.ibr-bbr.org.). Whatever was the cause, there could be only one outcome.
Sha`ul was in prison for his faith, “For this cause I, Sha`ul, am the prisoner of the Messiah Yahusha on behalf of you Gentiles,” (Eph. 3:1) and calls himself “an ambassador in chains” (Eph. 6:20). He would have been chained to at least one Roman soldier at all times. He most probably dictated the letter in the presence of these guards.
Pax Romana, the peace that occurred under Roman rule, was extensive and was prized throughout the Empire. Therefore, any armed disputes or uprisings were severely dealt with as can be seen how the Jewish Wars were finally terminated in 70 C.E. Sha`ul had seen at first hand the vehemence of the local authorities to the Good News and how easily they stirred up trouble for Believers.
His concern was not just for the Believers but that of the propagation of the Good News message. Up to 52 C.E., all Believers were classified by Rome as being part of Judaism and that was a tolerated religion within the empire. Syncretism of all religions was a major goal of legislature. However, by 64 C.E. all Believers were considered to belong to a non-acceptable religion (www.owlcation.com). Their refusal to acknowledge the Emperor as god and their monotheistic beliefs led to increased intolerance that finally broke out in outright persecution under Nero in 64 C.E. Sha`ul’s visitors in prison would have made him aware of the rising hostilities to the Good News message and thus to all Believers. Any sign of local disturbances would be laid at the doors of the local Assemblies, all too ready to be slandered by local opposition.
Text
v10) “Finally, be strong in Yahuah, and in the strength of His might.” Sh`aul (Paul) is in
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prison in Rome, chained to one or two guards (v20) and he is dictating a letter through Tychicus, “But that you also may know my affairs, how I am doing, Tychicus, the beloved brother and faithful servant in the Master, will make known to you all things;” (Eph. 6:21) to the Believers at Ephesus. The strength is not of us, and the text would be better rendered “be made powerful” (Massie p.125). Believers are to be made strong by Yahuah. Like all Scripture, this is relevant to all Believers for all times. Sha`ul is letting the readers know how he is and how they (like him) may withstand the coming onslaught of the Adversary. Sh`aul tells Believers to do two things:
(i) “Put on the whole armour of `Eloakh, that you may be able to stand against the wiles of the devil.” (Eph. 6:11a) and
(ii) to seek Yahuah through the Spirit at all times, “with all prayer and requests, praying at all times in HaRuach, and being watchful to this end in all perseverance and requests for all the set apart ones:” (v18).
Vv11b-17 can be considered to be parenthical between the two imperatives of put on and pray. These verses are used to describe exactly what spiritual armour entails.
v12) “For our wrestling is not against flesh and blood, but against the principalities, against the powers, against the world’s rulers of the darkness of this age, and against the spiritual hosts of wickedness in the heavenly places.” Sh`aul instructs why Believers must be strong in the Messiah for the battle is not against flesh and blood. It is important to stress that the war is not against Muslims, Hindus, Humanists, Communists etc., but against the demonic spirits that lie behind their ideology, “Then he said, ‘Do you know why I have come to you? Now I will return to fight with the prince of Paras. When I go forth, behold, the prince of Yavan shall come.’” (Dan 10:20); “But HaRuach says expressly that in later times some will fall away from the faith, paying attention to seducing spirits and doctrines of demons,” (1 Tim. 4:1).
v13) “Therefore, put on the whole armour of Yahuah, that you may be able to withstand in the evil day, and, having done all, to stand.” It is necessary to view this passage (vv10-18) in light of the Roman soldier(s) chained to Sh`aul. Rome’s expansion was due to the effectiveness of the army. This came about by the constant discipline, training and superior armour and tactics. In a battle the Roman soldiers marched forward but braced themselves when confronted by a mass attack. This preparation would be foremost in the legionnaire’s mind when ordered to stand. This command was to stand firm and resist all attackers.
One of the over-riding characteristics of the Roman army was the unity of purpose. This came about by the belief in the generals’ competency, ingrained discipline, constant training, the comradeship between individual soldiers and self-preservation. Likewise, the Believer should have a unity of faith in the Messiah, “until we all attain to the unity of the faith, and of the knowledge of the Son of `Eloakh, to a full-grown man, to the measure of the stature of the fullness of the Messiah;” (Eph. 4:13); discipline, “There is stern discipline for one who forsakes the way: Whoever hates reproof shall die.” (Prov. 15:10); training, “But refuse profane and old wives’ fables. Exercise yourself toward godliness. For bodily exercise has some value, but godliness has value for all things, having the promise of the life which is now, and of that which is to come.” (1 Tim. 4:7, 8); be single-minded, “make my joy full, by being like-minded, having the same love, being of one accord, of one mind;” (Phil. 2:2) and belief in each other, “A Ma`alot Song. By Dawid. See how good and how pleasant it is for brothers to live together in unity!” (Psa. 133:1).
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During Dawid’s mercenary years, on one occasion his fighting men raised an objection to the equal sharing of the spoils between the soldiers and the baggage handlers. “Who will listen to you in this matter? For as his share is who goes down to the battle, so shall his share be who tarries by the baggage: they shall share alike.” (1 Sam. 30:24). Dawid did not consider one job being of more importance than another. Whether the Apostle or the tea maker, all will be equally blessed by Yahuah.
The day mentioned here is not a specific day, but is the expectation that there will surely be a time of strife or war having the most severe of consequences. Abbott quoting Meyer suggests that this time of conflict is due to the waxing stronger of satanic power as the Messiah’s Second Advent approaches. These times will become more severe and more often as haSatan becomes more and more desperate (Abbott p.184).
Sha`ul exhorts Believers “to put on the complete armour of Yahuah” so that we are fully equipped to face the battle. At this time, all Roman soldiers were fully kitted out by the Senate (https://historyplex.com/ancient-roman-armor). Although the costs were substantial, it ensured that every soldier was suitably equipped, as any deficiency may lead to a military defeat at a crucial time. It was the responsibility of the Senate to ensure that the soldier had everything necessary to carry out that what they were sent out to accomplish, but it was the individual soldier’s responsibility for the up-keep, wearing and correct use of the armour.
v14a) “Stand up therefore,”. To stand up is not in respect of being seated, but means to stand erectin the face of adversity.Stand firm – this makes no sense if put on is considered as present sense. A soldier would already have the physical armour on prior to making the stand (Abbott p.185). Therefore, the verbs put on (armour), gird (loins/belt), put on (breastplate), shod/protect (sandals/legs), taking up (shield), put on (helmet), take hold (sword)all should be preceded by having asis the case for the belt, breastplate and sandals.
v14b) “…and gird up your loins with truth…” This expression means to prepare for action or work as illustrated by the Master who “arose from supper, and laid aside His outer garments. He took a towel, and wrapped a towel around His waist.” (John 13:4) as it allows for free movement of the limbs. “You will know the truth and the truth will set you free.” (John 8:32). Many translationshave a belt of truth, but these take away the emphasis of the verse, in wrongly concentrating upon the belt and not upon the readiness for action (Barclay(1) p.217).
Every time the word truth appears in Scripture, it can be perfectly interchanged with Torah, and the Messiah Yahusha is the Living Torah.
Sha`ul starts with this rather than from the head (working downwards) or feet (working upwards). This is to stress that the spiritual defence of a Believer starts with knowing the truth (Roth p.959). The truth is the first, and only, defence against lies and deception. The way to know the truth is to know the Word of Yahuah.
v14c) “…and put on the breastplate of righteousness.” This breastplate was probably the Lorica Musculata, bronze plate armour worn over layered linen, wool or leather (https://historyplex.com/ancient-roman-armor). This armour protects the area of the vital organs, particularly the heart, where it is said that a person is subject to pride and temptation.
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The breastplate can, therefore be likened to two things, both equally vital in our defence:
(i) Knowing the Word of Yahuah – “Yahusha answered it, saying, ‘It is written, ‘Man shall not live by bread alone, but by every word of Yahuah.”” (Luke 4:4).; “Yahusha answered it, ‘Get behind me haSatan! For it is written, ‘You shall worship Yahuah your `Elohiym and Him only shall you serve.”” (Luke 4:8); Yahusha answering, said to it, ‘It has been said, ‘You shall not tempt Yahuah your `Elohiym.”” (Luke 4:12).
(ii) Having faith in Yahuah – “He believed in Yahuah, and He reckoned it to him for righteousness.” (Gen. 15:16); and in His Messiah, “and be found in Him, not having a righteousness of my own, that which is of the Law, but that which is through faith in the Messiah, the righteousness which is from Yahuah by faith;” (Phil. 3:9). Faith comes by the Word, “So faith comes by hearing, and hearing by the word of Yahuah,” (Rom. 10:17).; “Every writing inspired by Yahuah is profitable for teaching, for reproof, for correction, and for instruction which is in righteousness,” (2 Tim. 3:16).
Words of a Believer are never sufficient to thwart accusations as these can easily be distorted, but the continuous day-to-day actions of a person made righteous speaks more loudly than any words (Barclay(1) p.217).
v15) “and having fitted your feet with the preparation of the Good News of shalom,” Known as Caligae (https://historyplex.com/ancient-roman-armor), the sandals protected the feet given that a soldier would have been expected to march up to 20 miles a day, fully kitted out with weapons, equipment and provisions. These were thick leather soled open sandals that allowed the feet to breathe to prevent infections. In colder climes, woollen socks would be worn. The underneath of the soles was studded with hobnails.
Not only was the caligae protection for feet, they had an offensive role. In close, hand-to-hand combat, the caligae could be scraped down an opponent’s sins and stamped on to their feet. This not only caused damage, but would be a momentary distraction that was sufficient for the Roman soldier to press his attack and kill his adversary.
Caligae were also advantageous when it came to facing of an assault. The hobnails could be ground into the earth to give better purchase when commanded to stand firm in the face of the enemy on-slaught. Believers, likewise, must be sure of their footings and ground themselves in the secure foundation of the Rock of their salvation, “My steps have held fast to your paths, My feet have not slipped.” (Psa. 17:5); He brought me up also out of a horrible pit, Out of the miry clay. He set my feet on a rock, And gave me a firm place to stand.” (Psa. 40:2); “He is like a man building a house, who dug and went deep, and laid a foundation on the rock. When a flood arose, the stream broke against the house, and could not shake it, because it was founded on the rock.” (Luke 6:48).
It also helped when the order was given to march forward, pushing the enemy backwards. Each step forward is a step back for the enemy: each step forward is territory won for the Kingdom and loss to the enemy: each step forward is a soul saved for the feast and saved from the fires.
The footwear of the Roman soldier was the same for all ranks. Whether apostle, prophet, teacher, tea-lady or chair-stacker, all Believers are called to a common task of preaching the Good News of the Kingdom of Yahuah.
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“The centurion answered, ‘Master, I am not worthy for you to come under my roof. Just say the word, and my servant will be healed. For I am also a man under authority, having under myself soldiers. I tell this one ‘Go’ and he goes; and tell another, ‘Come’ and he comes; and tell my servant, ‘Do this’ and he does it’” (Matt. 8:8, 9). The sandals were also a sign that the soldier was prepared to go wherever and whenever a command was given to move out. Although the centurion was of senior rank, he too acknowledged that he moved under a higher authority, ultimately under the singular authority of his general.
Believers have been given divine authority “It is like a man, traveling to another country, having left his house, and given authority to his servants, and to each one his work, and also commanded the doorkeeper to keep watch.” (Mark 13:34); “He called the twelve together, and gave them power and authority over all demons, and to cure diseases.” (Luke 9:1, 2) to carry out their ‘orders’.
The Roman soldier knew that his life depended upon him carrying out the commands of his general to the letter. Survival was his reward for obedience. Although Believers will receive rewards, “From now on, there is stored up for me the crown of righteousness, which the Lord, the righteous judge, will give to me on that day; and not to me only, but also to all those who have loved his appearing.” (2 Tim. 4:8); “Blessed is the man who endures temptation, for when he has been approved, he will receive the crown of life, which the Master promised to those who love Him.” (James 1:12); “When the chief Shepherd is revealed, you will receive the crown of glory that does no fade away.” (1 Peter 5:4); “Be faithful to death, and I will give you the crown of life.” (Rev. 2:10b), nevertheless, the only real reward would be, “Well done, good and faithful servant. You have been faithful over a few things, I will set you over many things. Enter into the joy of your Master.” (Luke 19:17).
“The Good News of shalom” could refer to the message of salvation or the Kingdom of Yahuah. Here, the Believer is called to be prepared to witness to non-Believers in all situations. “The word which He sent to the Children of Yisra`el, preaching Good News of shalom by Yahusha the Messiah – He is Master of all, that the word you yourselves know, which was proclaimed throughout all Yehudah, beginning from Galil, after the immersion which Yochanan preached; even Yahusha of Natzeret, how Yahuah annointed Him with the Ruach haQodesh with power, who went about doing good and healing all who were oppressed by the devil, for Yahuah was with Him. We are witnesses of everything He did both in the country of the Yehudim, and in Yerushalayim; whom they also killed, hanging Him on a tree.” (Acts 10:36-39). HaSatan wants to keep everyone oppressed, so much that they are unable to move. Being ready to spread this Good News ensures that although Believers are constantly pressed but never oppressed (Roth p.961).
Shalom may also be wholeness, completeness and unity (Roth p.961). The Roman soldier was, no doubt, fearful when going in to battle. Nevertheless, he would take courage by the fact that he was one of many brethren, part of an army and that they were all united behind a proven general. Believers must take solace in the fact that we, too, are one of many in Yahuah’s army and follow the one true General, “I saw the beast, and the kings of the earth, and their armies, gathered together to make war against Him who sat on the horse, and against His army.” (Rev. 19:19).
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v16) “above all, taking up the shield of faith, with which you will be able to quench all the fiery darts of the evil one.” The shield, known as a scotum, was a large (4’-6” x 2’-6” or 1.37m x 0.8m) rectangular, semi-cylindrical affair constructed of two pieces of wood glued and sandwiched together with a covering of canvass and leather (https://historyplex.com/ancient-roman-armor). A large hemi-spherical metal boss stood proud of the centre to deflect direct thrusts. This would weigh up to 10 kgs. and be capable of being locked together with similar shields either side, forming an almost impenetrable wall (Abbott p.186). The famous tartaruga or tortoise was a formation of a squad of men, the outer soldiers having their shields facing outwards whilst the inner soldiers held their shields above the heads. However, this only worked after repeated training and unity of thought and action. These defensive tactics were only as strong as the soldier on either side. Believers must work towards a common goal, therefore, being equally of one mind. This is imperative for the continued well-being and successful warfare, “See how good and how pleasant it is, For brothers to live together in unity!” (Psa. 133:1).
A common weapon used in the 1st. Century B.C.E. and C.E. was an arrow or dart that was wrapped in linen and dipped in inflammable tow. They would be set alight and fired at the enemy. The scotum protected most of the body’s vital areas and, if hit with a burning dart, the dart would fizzle out (Barclay(1) p.218).
“…His truth is a shield and protection. You shall not be afraid of the terror by night, Nor of the arrow that flies by day;” (Psa. 91:4b, 5). As stated above, truth can be replaced by Torah. Therefore, knowing the Word is vital to turn aside any and all attacks of the Adversary. During His trials, the Master Yahusha quoted Torah to defeat haSatan. In its efforts to subvert the Master, it quoted back Torah,(Psa. 91:11, 12) “It led Him to Yerushalayim, and set Him on the pinnacle of the temple, and said to Him, ‘If you are the Son of `Elohiym, cast yourself down from here, for it is written, ‘He will give His angels charge concerning you, to guard you;’ and, ‘On their hands they will bear you up, Lest perhaps you dash your foot against a stone.’” (Luke 4:9-11 quoting Psa. 91: 11,12). The Master stood firm on Torah, knowing Psa. 91:4b and Deut. 6:16 “You shall not put Yahuah your `Elohiym to the test, as you tested Him in Massah.”
The First Adam was too naive to counter the attack from haSatan when it perverted the command of Yahuah `Elohiym, “Yahuah `Elohiym commanded the man, saying, ‘Of every tree of the garden you may freely eat: but of the tree of the knowledge of good and evil, you shall not eat of it: for in the day that you eat of it you will surely die’… Now the serpent was more subtle than any animal of the field which Yahuah `Elohiym had made. It said to the woman, ‘Yes, has Yahuah `Elohiym said, ‘You shall not eat of any tree of the garden?’” (Gen. 2:16, 17: 3:1): not so the Second Adam.
Again, although the shield was primarily defensive armour, it was also used in an offensive manner. In close combat, a Roman soldier would smash the shield’s large metal boss into the body and face of his opponent.
Some translations have the shield replaced by confidence. Believers must ensure that their faith is not compromised by doubt of any kind as this weakness allows the enemy to gain access (Abbott p.186). The shield wall was only as good as the soldiers and their shields either side. This is only possible to a Believer when there is a close relationship with each
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other through the General, the Messiah Yahusha. Nevertheless, it is not in our own strength that we may have confidence but, “for by grace you have been saved through faith, and that not of yourselves; it is the gift of `Eloakh, not of works, that no one would boast. For we are His workmanship, created in the Messiah Yahusha for good works, which `Eloakh prepared before that we would walk in them.” (Eph. 2:8-10).
v17a) “And take the helmet of salvation…” There were many types of helmets worn by Roman soldiers over the centuries that the Empire prevailed. At the time of writing of the Letter to the Ephesian Assembly, the commonly used type was the coolus (https://historyplex.com/ancient-roman-armor). This was a brass dome having protection for the neck and cheeks. The shape helped to deflect any force away from the head. This protected the most vulnerable part of the body, especially as the head had to be above the top rim of the scotum in order to see the enemy. Although the cheek guards protected the side of the face, it also prevented the soldier from taking sideward glances. Only by turning the head, could a soldier look around. This concentrated the soldier’s attention on the enemy directly ahead and not to be distracted by the chaos around about.
Believers are called to guard their thoughts and keep looking to their Saviour. “You will keep him in perfect shalom, whose mind is stayed on you, because he trusts in you.” (Isa. 26:3). It is vital that Believers do not allow their thoughts to wander into areas of potential sin. “For the mind of the flesh is death, but the mind of the Spirit is life and shalom;” (Rom. 8:6). Thus the helmet can represent the forgiveness of past sins and a means to combat future temptations (Barclay(1) p.218).
Upon salvation, Believers are called to proclaim that the Messiah Yahusha is Master, “that if you will confess with your mouth the Master Yahusha, and believe in your heart that `Eloakh raised Him from the dead, you will be saved. For with the heart, one believes unto righteousness; and with the mouth confession is made unto salvation.” (Rom. 10:9, 10). This is, in effect a testimony of a person’s regeneration. “And they overcame it by the blood of the Lamb and the word of their testimony, and they did not love their lives to the death” (Rev. 12:11).
“He put on righteousness as a breastplate, and a helmet of salvation on his head…” (Isa. 59:17). Here, Sha`ul sees an interesting play on words. יְשׁוּעָה כּוֹבַע kowba` yĕshuw`ah is what Sha`ul would have remembered so he adapts this in Aramaic to Sonorta d’paroqana (paroqa is the transliteration of Saviour). Both of these could be read as The Helmet of Yahusha. This must have been foremost in Sha`ul’s mind when he wrote to his first letter to the Thessalonika Assembly, “But let us, since we belong to the day, be sober, putting on the breastplate of faith and love, and, for a helmet, the hope of salvation.” (1 Thess. 5:8).
v17b) “…and the sword of HaRuach, which is the word of Yahuah; (https://historyplex.com/ancient-roman-weapons). The type of sword that was most commonly used at this time was known as the gladius (the root from which came the word gladiator). It was a short (approx. 20”- 25” or 510mm – 760mm), double edged sword, used mainly for stabbing. With a shield wall up, it was possible to strike between or over the shields at an opponent. Its short length led perfectly to the close quarter fighting (where there was little room to swing a chopping sword) typical of Roman tactics.
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“For the word of Yahuah is living and active and sharper than any two-edged sword, and piercing even to the dividing of soul and spirit, of both joints and marrow, and is able to discern the thoughts and intentions of the heart.” (Heb. 4:12).
The sword is both an offensive and defensive weapon. So it is with the word of Yahuah, that must be used for the tearing down the strongholds of the Adversary, “For though we walk in the flesh, we do not wage war according to the flesh; for the weapons of our warfare are not of the flesh, but mighty before Yahuah to the throwing down of strongholds,” (2 Cor. 10:3, 4). It is also the source of any defence that Believers may put up against haSatan and its forces (Luke 4:1-14).
“Out of His mouth proceeds a sharp, double-edged sword, that with it He should strike the nations…” (Rev. 19:15a). The Messiah, when He returns to earth, will slay the armies of the nations, not with any physical force, but by a single commandment. Creation was formed by a commandment (Gen. 1:3-25) and the nations will be destroyed by a word, “Therefore, thus says Yahuah `Elohiym Tzva`ot, Because you speak this word, behold, I will make my words in your mouth fire, and this people wood, and it shall devour them.” (Jer. 5:14); “Smoke went out of His nostrils. Consuming fire came out of His mouth. Coals were kindled by it. He bowed the heavens also, and came down. Thick darkness was under His feet.” (Psa. 18:8, 9).
v18) “with all prayer and requests, praying at all times in HaRuach and being watchful to this end in intercession and requests for all the set apart ones:”. The final part of Sha`ul’s description of spiritual armour was the prayer. If I may be so bold, I liken prayer to the Roman pilum. This was a heavy javelin of about 6 feet (1.8m) in length. It was a means of attacking the enemy from a remote distance. When thrown, its weight (2-4kg.) and force of the throw would easily break through any opponent’s armour or shield usually with fatal consequences (https://historyplex.com/ancient-roman-weapons). Although it was primarily a distance weapon, the pilum could be used up close as a stabbing weapon. A prayer offered up in U.K. could be effective anywhere in the world. An effective prayer may be offered up for an immediate situation or for some future situation, “In nothing be anxious, but in everything, by prayer and petition with thanksgiving, let your requests be made known to Yahuah.” (Phil. 4:6)
“Yahusha rebuked it, the demon went out of him, and the boy was cured from that hour… But this kind does not go except by prayer and fasting.” (Matt. 17:18, 21). In the case of the Demoniac (Matt. 17:14-21; Mark 9:14-29; Luke 9:37-42), disciplining the body by fasting lends weight to the prayer weapon (see battling the flesh below).
Therefore Believers, having put on the armour must stand firm (Abbott p.185). The armour must already be on in order that the soldier can stand firm. The put on is a one-off event and is an action that has been fully completed and is in the same sense that the Messiah was sacrificed once for all. It is not to be repeated therefore the inference is that the armour is never to be taken off.
The Roman army was an effective fighting force for over 500 years. Part of its success was down to its amour and weaponry. However, another major contribution was the tactics used by its generals. A single Roman soldier was vulnerable on his own. Nevertheless, when this
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soldier formed part of a fighting unit, it was much stronger than the sum of its individual men. This was down to the army being a permanent standing army, not having to return to look after farms etc. This allowed for training every day that the soldiers were not on the march or in battle, and was carried out with strict discipline. The training was incessant. When the soldiers were not marching, they were training. “Blessed be Yahuah, my Rock, Who teaches my hands to war, And my fingers to battle” (Psa. 144:1). Make no mistake, even though the victory is assured, for Believers, there are many battles yet to be fought, “The horse is prepared for the day of battle; But victory is withYahuah” (Prov. 21:31). “But thanks be to Yahuah, who gives us the victory through our Master Yahusha the Messiah.” (1 Cor. 15:57).
Discipline was severe in the Roman army, for in times of desperate needs, discipline (or lack of it) could be the difference between victory or defeat. Believers also must be corrected should they err from the plans of Yahuah, “There is stern discipline for one who forsakes the way: Whoever hates reproof shall die.” (Prov. 15:10); “One who spares the rod hates his son, But one who loves him is careful to discipline him.” (Prov. 13:24); “It is for discipline that you endure. Yahuah deals with us as with sons, for what son is there whom his father does not discipline?” (Heb. 12:7).
The ultimate form of punishment for gross disobedience almost leading to military defeat (not defeat by superior forces) was decimation. This is where the offending group drew lots and a tenth of the group were killed by the other members. This ensured that orders were firmly adhere to and that each member of the group was subsequently responsible for the well-being and the discipline of the other members, so that the general’s commands may be followed without wavering (cf 1Thess. 3:1-18).
On campaign, a Roman Legion would push into enemy territory. Each night, the soldiers were made to build temporary groundwork fortifications, but at regular intervals they established more permanent fortifications into which all the soldiers and trades could rest and consolidate their hard-won territory. It was also a place that scouting parties and skirmishing squads could fall back to when hard pressed by the enemy. When refreshed, the soldiers could march out again to face the enemy. Nevertheless, even the most battle-hardened veteran needed a place of refuge.
Believers must take note of this. Dawid sought refuge in `En-Gedi away from the pursuing King Sha`ul. Therefore, it is vital that Believers, “Taste and see that Yahuah is good. Blessed is the man who takes refuge in Him.” (Psa. 34:8 cf Psa. 71:1-7; 91:2-9).
The Letter to the Ephesian Assembly was meant to encourage unity and discipline within the assemblies’ members. It would do well for current readers of the Letter to remember that each Believer has a responsibility towards the Messiah Yahusha and other Believers.
Stand firm and pray imperatives are to be considered as events that once started continue until the outcome has been established. This would be when there is no longer a need to stand against the strategies of the Accuser i.e. when a Believer goes home to Glory or the Messiah returns for His people.
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“The chariots of `Elohiym are tens of thousands and thousands of thousands (cf Rev. 5:11). Yahuah is among them, from Sinai, into the sanctuary. You have ascended on high. You have led captivity captive (cf Judges 4:23-5:31). You have received gifts among men, Yes, among the rebellious also, that Yahuah `Elohiym might dwell there.” (Psa. 68:19(18); Eph. 4:8). It is my belief that when the Messiah returns to earth and accomplishes His great victory over haSatan, it is bound in chains, “I saw an angel …It seized the dragon, the old serpent, which is the devil and haSatan, who deceives the whole inhabited earth, and bound it for a thousand years, and cast it into the abyss, and shut it, and sealed it over it…” (Rev. 20:1-3) and led through the streets of Yerushalayim/Tziyon up to the sanctuary where it so wanted to dwell as `Elohiym. This as part of the triumphal procession consisting of His people (Briggs p.101), His angels and led by the Messiah. This is the fulfilment of the prophetic triumph of Titus after the quashing of the Jewish rebellion and the destruction of the Temple in 70 C.E. (Josephus p.377). Here the ruthless leader of the rebellion, Simon of Gioras, was part of the procession as witness to the victory of Titus, but also as a warning of how thoroughly and mercilessly any revolt would be put down.
Titus’ triumph was given by Caesar Vespasian in celebration of the victory and witnessed by the citizens of Rome. “My `Elohiym will go before me with His lovingkindness. `Elohiym will let me look at my enemies in triumph, (Psa. 59:11(10)); “Only keep your eyes open, and you will see how the wicked are punished.” (Psa. 91:8); “Now thanks be to Yahuah who always leads us in triumph in the Messiah…” (2 Cor. 2:14a). The Messiah’s triumph will be given by Yahuah `Elohiym and witnessed by all Believers.
Notwithstanding all the armour above, the greatest armour available to Believers in their fight against haSatan, is knowing who they are in the Messiah Yahusha:
9i) Children of Yahuah – “For you are all sons of Yahuah, through faith in the Messiah Yahusha.” (Gal. 3:26); “having predestined us for adoption as sons through Yahusha the Messiah to Himself, according to the good pleasure of His desire.” (Eph. 1:5); “HaRuach Himself testifies with our spirit that we are children of Yahuah” (Rom. 8:16). “‘I will be to you a Father. You will be to me sons and daughters,’ says Yahuah of hosts.” (2 Cor. 6:18).
“Or who is there among you, who, if his son asks him for bread, will give him a stone? Or if he asks for a fish, who will give him a serpent? If you then, being evil, know how to give good gifts to your children, how much more will your Father who is in heaven give good things to those who ask Him!” (Matt. 7:9-11). This is not only life’s necessities, but also includes His protection. “Wake up! Rise up to defend me, my `Elohiym! My Master, contend for me!” (Psa. 35:23). My Master (אֲדֹנָי #H136 a-don-eye) means to have authority over, Hebraically understood as someone who provides their charges (Jenner p.7).
(ii) Joint heirs with the Messiah – “and if children, then heirs; heirs of Yahuah, and joint heirs with the Messiah; if indeed we suffer with Him, that we may also be glorified with Him.” (Rom. 8:17). “Then Yahusha said to him, ‘Put up your sword back into its place, for all those who take up the sword will die by the sword. Or do you think that I could not ask my Father, and He would even now send me more than twelve legions of angels?’” (Matt. 26:52, 53). It was the Father’s will that the only begotten Son should be arrested and it was not for Man to try to thwart His perfect plan. If it was not the Father’s will, then all the hosts
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of heaven were at the Son’s command. The law of adoption required that the adopter would treat any adopted son exactly like a natural born son. The adopted child had the same protection, benefits and privileges as a natural child but also had the same duties and responsibilities. Likewise, any adopted son could call upon the hosts of heaven to come to their aid when in the service of Yahuah.
(a) Formed not created – “Yahuah `Elohiym formed human from the dust of the ground, and breathed into his nostrils the breath of life; and human became a living soul.” (Gen. 2:7). ריָצַ yat-sair‘ #H3335 to form or fashion (as a sculptor making a figurine – ((1)Benner p.20). his is a qualification of, “Yahuah `Elohiym filled (bar-rar) human with His image, with His image He filled (bar-rar) human; male and female He filled (bar-rar) them,” (Gen. 1:27 (1)Benner p.21).
בָּרָא #H1254 bar-rar to shape, fashion, create as `Elohiym.
All of Creation was spoken into existence, “Yahuah `Elohiym said, ‘Let there be light,’ and light was (Gen. 1:3 cf. Gen. 1:6, 9, 11, 14, 20, 24). All that is except Man. Yahuah `Elohiym gathered together the dust of the ground, and in a divine act of intimacy formed (yat-sair) Man (and later Woman) and breathed His life into Man and Man’s spirit was quickened in him.
It is for this reason that all of Creation, including angels, must be referred to as ‘it’ as haSatan would like to promote itself to a ‘he’ reserved only for Yahuah and Man.
(b) Lower than `Elohiym – “For you have made him a little lower than `Elohiym, and crowned him with glory and honour,” (Psa. 8:5). Many Bible versions (KJV, NKJV, NIV) mis-translate this verse in substituting angels for `Elohiym in translating םאֱלֹהִי. The Alexandrian Jews who translated the Tanakh into Greek (Septuagint LXX) purposely changed the meaning in false humility, thinking Man should not be just below `Elohiym so elevated the angels above Man.
There is no Scriptural evidence for this doctrine (erroneously drawn from a translation), nor that of the re-instatement of Man upon salvation.
םאֱלֹהִי `Elohiym #H430 is translated 2,347 times in the King James Version as `Elohiym, but only this oncein Psa. 8:5 as angels. When Sha`ul quotes this verse in his Letter to the Messianic Jews (Heb. 2:7), the scribes merely copied the already translated Hebrew Scripture into Greek (LXX), including the mis-translation. This has subsequently been adopted by many other translators. “You make him ruler over the works of your hands. You have put all things under his feet,” (Psa. 8:6). This would include angels (good and demonic).
This authority was delegated to Man by the Sovereign of the Universe, “Yahauh said, ‘Let us make man in our image, after our likeness: and let them have dominion over the fish of the sea, and over the birds of the sky, and over the cattle, and over all the earth, and over every creeping thing that creeps on the earth.’” (Gen. 1:26), on a temporary basis, but could be rescinded at any time. However, due to Man’s disobedience at the Fall, this authority was handed down to haSatan (cf. Matt. 4:8-10) and thus to its demonic forces.
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“For as through the one man’s disobedience many were made sinners, even so, through the obedience of the One, many will be made righteous.” (Rom. 5:19). “And when He appeared as a human being, He humbled Himself still more by becoming obedient even to death – death on a stake as a criminal!” (Phil. 2:8 Stern). Nevertheless, Man, in the form of the Messiah Yahusha, was re-invested with this authority upon full obedience to Yahuah, “Yahusha came to them and spoke to them, saying, ‘All authority has been given to me in heaven and on earth,” (Matt. 28:18).
iii) Testimonies of Believers – “They overcame it because of the Lamb’s blood and the word of their testimony. They did not love their life, even to death.” (Rev. 12:11). This testimony may be but a few words, or it may be a full sermon but ultimately, “The testimony is this, that Yahuah gave to us eternal life, and this life is in His Son.” (1 John 5:11). This testimony is not for the sake of Believers, but those who have, as yet, not experienced the joy of Yahuah’s salvation in His Son, Yahusha. The out-working of this testimony must be “Moreover he must have good testimony from those who are outside, to avoid falling into reproach and the snare of the devil.” (1 Tim. 3:7).
(a) Royal priesthood – “And you shall be to me a kingdom of priests and a set apart nation. ‘These are the words which you shall speak to the children of Yisra`el’” (Exod. 19:6); “And you shall anoint Aharon and his sons, and consecrate them that they may minister to me as priests,” (Exod. 30:30);” “But you are a chosen race, a royal priesthood, a set apart nation, a people for Yahuah’s own possession, that you may show forth the excellencies of Him who called you out of darkness into His marvellous light:” (1 Peter 2:9). The Aharonic priesthood was initiated in order to help the High Priest, having many varied tasks to carry out (tending the menorah, showbread, fires). Believers, like-wise, have been made priests in order to assist the High Priest, Yahusha the Messiah. He is the High Priest after Malki-Tzedek, “for it is testified, ‘You are a Priest forever, According to the order of Malki-Tzedek.’” (Heb. 7:17) whose own sacrifice has put an end of sacrifices for a sin offering, “who does not need, like those, to daily offer up sacrifices, first for His own sins, and then for the sins of the people. For this He did once for all, when He offered up Himself.” (Heb. 7:27).
As servants of the Messiah and therefore of Yahuah, “‘No weapon that is formed against you shall prosper; and every tongue that shall rise against you in judgement you shall condemn. This is the heritage of the servants of Yahuah, and their righteousness which is of me,’ says Yahuah.” (Isa. 54:17). Believers, in carrying out their duties, can rightly stand on this promise. Does it mean that no weapon (illness, infirmity, persecution, slander etc.) will be made to come against the Believer? Certainly not! It means that all these weapons will prove ineffective when brought against the Believer who stands fast and holds his ground.
Now that the sin offering has been annulled, the Malki-Tzedekian priests offer up a new type of sacrifice, “Through Him, then, let us offer up a sacrifice of praise to Yahuah continually, that is, the fruit of lips which make confession to His name.” (Heb. 13:15).
“And when he had consulted with the people, he appointed those who should sing to Yahuah, and who should praise the beauty of His holiness, as they went out before the army and were saying, ‘Praise Yahuah for His mercy endures forever.’” (2 Chron. 20:21).
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In this wonderful passage of Scripture (2 Chron. 20:10-30), the effectiveness of praising Yahuah is clear and that, “The fear ofYahuah was on all the kingdoms of the countries when they heard that Yahuah had defeated the enemies of Yisra`el.” (2 Chron. 20:29).
In order to “…resist the devil, and it will flee from you” (James 4:7b), Believers must be assured and confident of their status.
Romans 13:12 – 14 – combating the flesh
Context
The Letter to the Messianic Assembly at Rome was written approximately in 58 C.E. This was some 6 years after the Jewish expulsion from Rome by Claudius (Schulam p.13). The Jewish population of Rome consisted of three types of person: slave, pergrini (non-Roman citizen) and Roman citizen. The first two could be expelled for any reason. However, a Roman citizen could only be expelled after a criminal conviction (primolevicenter.org). It was probably this group to whom Sha`ul wrote the letter, having the full protection of ius civile (Law of Civilians).
It maybe that under the inspiration of HaRuach Sha`ul could prophetically see a time in the very near future when the benefits to the proclamation of the Good News through Pax Romana would be withdrawn. These included speed and safety of travel and freedom of worship.
“Love does not do harm to a neighbor [sic]; therefore love is the fullness of the law. Besides all this, you know at what point in history we stand; so it is high time for you to rouse yourself from sleep; for the final deliverance is nearer than when we first came to trust.” (Rom. 13:10, 11 Stern). Sha`ul knew both from the Master’s teaching, “Therefore also be ready, for in an hour that you do not expect, the Son of Man will come.” (Matt. 24:44), and by HaRuach that inspired Yochanan to write (cf Rev. 2:5; 3:11) that not only was the Messiah’s return imminent but that it was generally expected to be soon, Although nearly two millennia have passed, the imminency is the same, the time in which the Messiah’s return is so much nearer. It may be another two millennia before the Return, but the urgency in Sha`ul’s address must be taken up by Believers today.
Text
v12) “The night is far gone, and the day is near. Let us therefore throw off the works of darkness, and let us put on the armour of light.” What constitutes night and day in Scripture? Although there are various answers to this question, it is interesting to note what the Master Yahusha has to say, “I must work the works of Him who sent me, while it is day. The night is coming, when no one can work. While I am in the world, I am the light of the world.” (John 9:4, 5). Night here refers to that period of time when the Messiah Yahusha is not present on earth. Conversely, day is that period when the Master is present, “There will be no night, and they need no lamp light; for Yahuah `Elohiym will illuminate them. They will reign forever and ever.” (Rev. 22:5). At the time of writing this epistle, Sha`ul was expecting both an imminent and soon return of the Messiah (Barclay(2)).
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Even though the ‘night’ is nearly over, Sha`ul knew that until the Messiah finally returns to earth, there will be more frequent and violent attacks on Believers as the night comes to an end, “Therefore rejoice, heavens, and you who dwell in them. Woe to the earth and to the sea, because haSatan has gone down to you, having great wrath, knowing that it has but a short time.” (Rev.12:12).
v13) “Let us walk properly, as in the day; not in revelling and drunkenness, not in sexual promiscuity and lustful acts, and not in strife and jealousy.” It is imperative that Believers do not give the enemy (whether haSatan, the world pleasures or the flesh) an easy route to push home any advantage that may be won.
To accomplishing this, it is necessary:
(i) to put aside those areas in life that promote carnal living or increase those that put down the flesh and;
(ii) to promote those areas that improve spiritual living.
V14) “But put on the Master Yahusha the Messiah, and make no provision for the flesh, for its lusts.” Believers must be fully equipped to withstand these assaults. Therefore, Sha`ul commands Believers into this one-off event. “For if you live after the flesh, you must die; but if by HaRuach you put to death the deeds of the body, you will live.” (Rom. 8:13).
“Put to death, therefore, your members which are on the earth: sexual immorality, uncleanness, depraved passion, evil desire, which is idolatry;” (Col. 3:5). “Now the works of the flesh are obvious, which are: adultery, sexual immorality, uncleanness, lustfulness, idolatry, sorcery, hatred, strife, jealousies, outbursts of anger, rivalries, divisions, heresies, envyings, murders, drunkenness, orgies, and things like these; of which I forewarn you, that those who practice such things will not inherit the Kingdom of Yahuah.” (Gal. 5:19-21).
“For you were once darkness, but are now light in the Master. Walk as children of light, for the fruit of HaRuach is in all goodness and righteousness, and truth.” (Eph. 5:8, 9). “But the fruit of HaRuach is love, joy, shalom, kindness, goodness, faithfulness, gentleness and self-control. Against such things there is no law. Those who belong to the Messiah have crucified the flesh with its passions and lusts. If we live by HaRuach, let us also walk by HaRuach.” (Gal. 5:22-25). “You, therefore, must endure hardship, as a good soldier of the Messiah Yahusha,” (2 Tim.2:3).
In a Roman army, there were many different divisions; heavy and light infantry, cavalry, archers, sling-shots etc. that formed the fighting arm of the army. There would also be many trades including cooks, medics, metalworkers, cobblers and carpenters. All were essential for an effective army. In the same way, the Ruach haQodesh has made available various spiritual gifts, services and workings (cf 1 Cor. 12:1-31), that are vital to the health and effective ministry of an assembly. However, it is necessary for Believers to exercise such gifts.
“Seeing you have purified your souls in your obedience to the truth through HaRuach in sincere brotherly affection, love one another from the heart fervently.” (1 Peter 1:22). Shim`on Kefa exhorts Believers to demonstrate their inner cleansing by the outward display of affection to others.
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The Roman soldier was physically fit due to the hours of training, but also to the disciplining of his body. Believers accomplish this by denying the flesh, “But as for me, when they were sick, my clothing was sackcloth. I afflicted my soul with fasting. My prayer returned into my own bosom,” (Psa. 35:13).
“Then you will not become spiritually dull and apathetic, but you will follow the example of those who by their trust and endurance are receiving what has been promised.” (Heb. 6:12). One of the major causes of the fall of the Roman Empire, was that the soldiers lacked self-discipline and copied their leaders who became decadent, enjoying the pleasures of the flesh. Opposing armies came to regard the Roman army as soft and no longer respected nor feared the Roman army’s fighting prowess. Believers must be aware lest the flesh gains too strong a hold on their lives, opening themselves up to successful attacks of the Adversary.
A Roman soldier, once enlisted, had to serve at least 20 years (with a possible extra 5 years as a reservist) (bbc.co.uk). Upon enlisting, he was promised an allocation of land upon which to retire. Upon salvation, Believers, too, were given promises. “In my Father’s house are many mansions. If it was not so, I would have told you. I am going to prepare a place for you.” (John 14:2). “Blessed is the man who endures temptation, for when he has been approved, he will receive the crown of life, which Yahuah promised to those who love Him.” (James 1:12).
What sort of clothing shall the Messiah be wearing when He returns to claim back His Kingdom? In putting on the Messiah, the Believer should be aware of the garments given by the Messiah and wear these under the spiritual armour. As with the Roman soldier, the heavy armour would be impossible to wear without adequate under-garments.
“I saw the heaven opened up, and behold, a white horse, and He who sat on it is called Faithful and True. In righteousness He judges and makes war…He is clothed in a garment sprinkled in blood. He treads the winepress of the fierceness of the wrath of `El Shaddai.” (Rev. 19:11-15); “…His clothing was white as snow…” (Dan. 7:9); “‘Why are you red in your clothing, and your garments like Him who treads in the wine vat?’ ‘I have trodden the wine press alone; and of the peoples there was no man with me: yes, I have trod them in my anger, and trampled them in my wrath; and their lifeblood is sprinkled on my garments, and I have stained all my clothing.’” (Isa. 63:2, 3).
An interesting comparison can be made between the Messiah’s garments of wrath and the Believer’s garments of salvation. “‘Come now, and let us reason together,’ says Yahuah: ‘Though your sins be as scarlet, they shall be as white as snow. Though they be red like crimson, they will be as wool.’” (Isa. 1:18). “I will greatly rejoice in Yahuah, my soul shall be joyful in my `Elohiym; for He has clothed me with the garments of salvation, He has covered me with the robe of righteousness…” (Isa. 61:10). The Messiah has changed the Believer’s filthy, bloody rags at salvation to pure clean linen, “He answered and spoke to those who stood before Him, saying, ‘Take the filthy garments off of him.’ To Him he said, ‘Behold, I have caused your iniquity to pass from you, and I will clothe you with rich clothing.’” (Zec, 3:3, 4) and pure white linen into blood-stained clothing upon His wrath. A Believer is called to don the garments of righteousness upon salvation.
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“Bless Yahuah, my soul. Yahuah, my `Elohiym, you are very great. You are clothed with honour and majesty. He covers Himself with light as with a garment…” (Psa. 104:1, 2). The Messiah has been given royal garments to denote His special standing in the court of Yahuah. “Now it happened on the third day, that Ester put on her royal clothing, and stood in the inner court of the king’s house…when the king saw Ester the queen standing in the court, that she obtained favour in his sight…” (Ester 5:1, 2). In like manner, all Believers have been given royal robes to come into the Presence. “Having therefore, brothers, boldness to enter the Set Apart Place by the blood of Yahusha.” (Rom. 10:19). This has been made possible only by the shed blood of the Lamb of Yahuah and of Yahuah’s acceptance of the Sacrifice after the third day when Yahuah by HaRuach raised the Messiah Yahusha from the dead. “…you shall bring the sheaf of the first fruits of your harvest to the Priest: and he shall wave the sheaf before Yahuah, to be accepted for you…” (Lev. 23:10, 11).
Compare these two accounts:
“Say to the daughter of Tsiyon, ‘See, your Sovereign is coming to you, meek, and sitting on a donkey, even a colt, the foal of a donkey’” (Matt. 21:5 Cooke; Zec. 9:9) “Then they said to one another, ‘Let us not tear it, but cast lots for it to decide whose it will be,’ that the Scripture might be fulfilled, which says, ‘They divide my garments among them. They cast lots for my clothing.’” (John 19:24; Psa. 22:18).
“I saw the heaven opened, and behold, a white horse, and He who sat on it is called Faithful and True. In righteousness He judges and makes war…and on His head are many crowns…He is clothed in a garment sprinkled with blood…He has on His garment and on His thigh a name written, ‘King of Kings and Master of Masters’.” (Rev. 19: 11-16).
In the first account, the Master wore clothes appropriate with His humble status, the Suffering Servant – Mashiyach ben Yosef. In the second account, the Messiah is also clothed in accordance with His elevated status as the Kingly Warrior – Mashiyach ben Dawid. Mashiyach ben Dawid is also “…clothed with majesty… armed with strength…” (Psa. 93:1) and “He put on righteousness as a breastplate, and a helmet of salvation on His Head [cf 1 Thess. 5:8]; and He put on garments of vengeance for clothing, and was clad with zeal as a mantle.” (Isa. 59:17).
It is my belief that all Believers must be likewise attired in combating haSatan and the flesh and “Nevertheless you have a few names in Sardis that did not defile their garments. They will walk with me in white, for they are worthy. He who wins the victory [over haSatan and the flesh] will be arrayed in white garments, and I will in no way blot his name out of the Book of Life, and I will confess his name before my Father and before His angels.” (Rev. 3:4, 5). The Returning Messiah will be expecting and looking for those of His that have overcome both haSatan and the flesh.
2 Cor. 10:4 – destroying the strongholds
In the Roman Empire, the army was used to expand the territory in order to bring glory to the Emperor. Caesar commanded the generals, and it was up to them to carry out his instructions. Therefore, in spiritual warfare, the army of Yahuah must seek to take expand His Kingdom.
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“or the weapons of our warfare are not of the flesh, but mighty before `Eloakh to the throwing down of strongholds,” (2 Cor. 10:4). The previous sections consider the battle when the Adversary attacks the Believer. Now it is necessary to consider how to take the battle to the Enemy.
In this, three truths must be realised:
(i) “and that all this assembly may know that Yahuah does not save with sword and spear: for the battle is Yahuah’s, and He will give you into our hand.” (1 Sam. 17:47);
(ii) “Then he answered and spoke to me, saying, ‘This is the word of Yahuah to Zerubbavel, saying, ‘Not by might, nor by power, but by my Spirit,’ says Yahuah of Hosts.” (Zec. 4:6);
(III) “When you go forth to battle against your enemies, and see horses, and chariots, and a people more than you, you shall not be afraid of them; for Yahuah your `Elohiym is with you, who brought you up out of the land of Egypt.” (Deut. 20:1).
“For indeed I bend Yehudah as a bow for me. I have filled the bow with Efrayim; And I will stir up your sons, Tziyon, Against your sons, Greece, And will make you like the sword of a mighty man.” (Zec. 9:13). The combination of Yehudah and Efrayim denotes the Nation of Yisra`el and the Greeks symbolic of Gentiles (cf Acts 21:28). At no stage in history has the Nation of Yisra`el ever sallied forth to battle outside of Eretz Yisra`el. Therefore, this battle must be something other than a physical confrontation.
Thomas argues that the bow is symbolic of a multitude of people and the arrows symbolic of spoken words and that archers represent proclaimers of the Good News (Thomas p. 131).
“Hide me from the conspiracy of the wicked, From the noisy crowd of the ones doing evil; Who sharpen their tongue like a sword, And aim their arrows, deadly words,” (Psa. 64: 4(3)). In a similar manner, Believers will use arrows but these will have life-giving words.
“[The time] is coming when I will gather together all nations and languages. They will come and see my glory, and I will give them a sign (אוֹת oath). I will send some of their survivors to the nations of Tarshish, Pul, Lud (these are archers קֶשֶׁת ke-sheth), Tuval and Greece and more distant coasts, where they have never heard of my fame nor seen my glory. They will proclaim my glory in these nations.” (Isa. 66:18, 19 Stern – Hebrew word emphasis mine).
Henry comments upon this section under the heading of ‘The enlargement of the church’ (Henry p.1216). The remnant of Believers, who once were sinners but now have been saved after hearing and responding to the Good News, have a responsibility to take the same Good News to others. Through the remnant of Ya`akov amongst the nations, Yahuah, “will cut off the cities of your land, And will tear down all your strongholds.” (Mic.5:11).
אוֹת #H226 *41a oath – sign, mark, token, miracle, ensign, standard, miraculous sign, proof, warning – ~1022-J(N) – sign or token of a covenant agreement ((2)Benner).
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קֶשֶׁת #H7198 ke-sheth – bow, archers, might – *2093 – bow that was introduced into and later became the national weapon of Yisra`el. “But his (Yosef’s) bow (קֶשֶׁת ke-sheth) abode in strength, The arms of his hands were made strong, By the hands of the Mighty One of Ya`akov, (From there is the Shepherd, the Stone of Yisra`el), Even by the `Elohiym of your father, who will help you, By Shaddai, who will bless you,” (Gen. 49:24, 25a). It is Yahuah who guides the aim of the archer. The major type of the Messiah in the Tanakh, Yosef, is guided and upheld by Yahuah. The followers of Yahusha can rely upon the same covenanted guidance and support from Yahuah when taking the battle against the strongholds of the Adversary.
For the listeners of this prophetic message, upon hearing the words אוֹת oath and קֶשֶׁת ke-sheth together,would have brought to mind other times when this word was used in the Tanakh:
“I set my (rain)bow (קֶשֶׁת ke-sheth) in the cloud, and it will be for a sign (אוֹת oath) of a covenant between me and the earth.” (Gen. 9:13). The importance of the word אוֹת oath cannot be over-stressed. It is the basis of the name and character of Yahuah Himself revealed to Moshe, “God said to Moshe, “Ehyeh Asher Ehyeh [I am/will be what I am/will be],” and added, “Here is what you are to say to the people of Isra`el: Ehyeh [I am or will be] has sent me to you.” (Exod. 3:14 Stern). Yahuah is the covenant-keeping name of `Elohiym and אוֹת oath always points to the Messiah Yahusha.
“You shall be circumcised in the flesh of your foreskin. It will be a token (אוֹת oath) of a covenant between me and you.” (Gen. 17:11).
“The blood shall be to you for a token (אוֹת oath) on the houses where you are: and when I see the blood, I will pass over you, and there shall no plague be on you to destroy you, when I strike the land of Egypt.” (Exod. 12:13).
“Speak also to the children of Yisra`el, saying, ‘Most assuredly you shall keep my Shabbatot: for it is a sign (אוֹת oath) between me and you throughout your generations; that you may know that I am Yahuah who sanctifies you.’” (Exod. 31:13).
“Therefore, Yahuah Himself will give you a sign (אוֹת oath): behold, a virgin shall conceive, and bear a son, and shall call His name Immanu`el.” (Isa. 7:14).
Apart from the weapons and armour mentioned above, HaRuach has given Believers other spiritual weapons with which to fight the Enemy. “But to each one is given the manifestation of HaRuach for the profit of all. For to one is given through HaRuach the word of wisdom, and to another the word of knowledge, according to the same Ruach; to another faith, by the same Ruach; and to another gifts of healings, by the same Ruach; and to another workings of miracles; and to another prophecy; and to another discerning of spirits; to another different kinds of languages; and to another the interpretation of languages.” (1 Cor. 12:7-10). Notwithstanding the provision of these weapons, they are of no use if they are not used. A sword is a useful weapon, but if it is not picked up and wielded, it is only a lump of metal, of no more use than a child’s toy.
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If you look at the image Sha`ul has given us of the Roman soldier, he has been equipped with all the weapons and armour that may be necessary in battle. All will be used, but some will be of more importance and use. Likewise, with the spiritual gifts, all are available to every Believer and may be called into use at any time, but some may be more prominent in a Believer than others. Nevertheless, it takes all weapons, under the guidance of HaRuach, to bring down the strongholds of the Adversary.
“The kings of the earth take a stand, And the rulers take counsel together, Against Yahuah, and against His Messiah, saying…He who sits in the heavens will laugh. Yahuah will have them in derision…Yet I have set my King on my set apart hill of Tziyon.” (Psa. 2:2, 4, 6). The method of attacking Yahuah is by targeting His people. Nevertheless, Yahuah laughs at the feeble attempts, because He has already set His King (Messiah) upon Tziyon.
“Pilate wrote a title also, and put it on the cross. There was written, ‘YAHUSHA OF NATZERET, THE KING OF THE YEHUDIM.’” (John 19:19). Yahusha HaNatzeret w’Malak Yehudim (YHWH); no wonder the Jewish authorities did not want the sign to be publicly displayed. Yahuah laughs because there has never been nor ever will be a more powerful weapon than the Cross of Golgotha and the shed blood of Yahusha;
Pastor Andre Trocme knew the value of spiritual weaponry during the Nazi occupation of France during World War II:
Tremendous pressure will be put on us to submit passively to a totalitarian ideology. If they do not succeed in subjugating our souls, at least they will want to subjugate our bodies. The duty of Christians is to use the weapons of the Spirit to oppose the violence that they will try to put on our consciences. We appeal to all our brothers in Christ to refuse to cooperate with this violence.
Loving, forgiving, and doing good to our adversaries is our duty. Yet we must do this without giving up, and without being cowardly. We shall resist whenever our adversaries demand of us obedience contrary to the orders of the gospel. We shall do so without fear, but also without pride and without hate. (gsp.yale.edc).
Yahuah bless you and keep you
Yahuah make His face to shine upon you and be gracious unto you,
Yahuah lift up His face toward you and give you peace.
All glory be to Yahuah,
Ameyn.
References and Credits
In using these references, it is in no way agreeing to or condoning the theological viewpoint of the authors.
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Abbott Rev. T.K. (1897) The Critical and Exegetical Commentary On The Epistles To The Ephesians And To The Colossians, T&T Clark, Edinburgh.
Briggs C.A. (1969) The Critical and Exegetical Commentary On The Book of Psalms Vol. II, T&T Clark, Edinburgh.
Barclay(1) W. (1959) The Letter to the Ephesians, Saint Andrews Press., Edinburgh.
Barclay(2) W. (1960) The Letter to the Romans, Saint Andrews Press., Edinburgh.
(1)Benner J.A. (2007) The Living Words – Vol. I, Virtualbookworm.com, College Station, TX., U.S.A.
(2)Benner J.A. The Ancient Hebrew Lexicon of the Bible, Virtualbookworm.com, College Station, TX., U.S.A. (Denoted by ~).
Cooke J.R. (2021) The Book of Mattithyahu, Dedicated to Truth Scriptures, Preston, U.K.
Harris R.L., Archer Theological Wordbook of the Old Testament, Moody, Chicago,
G.J. Jr., Waltke B.K.(1980) Il. (Denoted by *)
Henry M. (1991) Matthew Henry’s Commentary on the Whole Bible,
Hendrickson, Peabody, Mass.
Josephus (1981) The Jewish War, Penguin, London.
Massie J. The Century Bible – Corinthians, Ephesians, etc., Caxton Pub., London.
Roth A.G. (2008) Aramaic English New Testament, 4th. Ed., Netzari Press, U.S.A.
Shulam J. &
LeCornu H. (1997) A Commentary on the Jewish Roots of Romans, Messianic Jewish Pubs., Maryland, U.S.A.
Stern D.H. (1998) Complete Jewish Bible, Jewish New Testament Pub., Clarksville, MD, U.S.A.
Strong J. (1994) Strong’s New Exhaustive Concordance of the Bible, World Bible Publishers Inc., Madison. (Denoted by #H or #G).
Strong J. (1996) The New Strong’s Complete Dictionary of Bible Words, Thomas Nelson, Nashville. (Denoted by #H or #G).
Thomas Dr, J (1861) EUREKA, Maran-atha Press, London,
HNV The Hebrew Names Version is based off the World English Bible, an update of the American Standard Version of 1901. This version of the Bible is in the public domain.
www.bbc.co.uk/schools/primaryhistory/romans/the_roman_army/
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First Generation Assembly 