The Blessings of Ya`akob
It would appear that Gen. Ch. 48 and Ch. 49 consists of a single audience with Ya`akob. Ya`akob knew that it would not be long before he went to be with his fathers, and so instructed his servants to call forth his sons.
Gen. 48:1-22 has Yosef prominent amongst his brothers. This was probably due to Yosef being the son whom Ya`akob loved.
Gen. 48:1 – “It happened after these things, that someone said to Yosef, ‘Behold, your father is sick.’ He took with him his two sons, M`nasheh and Efrayim.”
מְנַשֶּׁה #H4519 M-na-sheh cause to forget
אֶפְרַיִם #H669 Ef-ra-eem I will be doubly fruitful
Gen. 48:2 – “Someone told Ya`akob, and said, ‘Behold, your son Yosef comes to you,’ and Yisra`el strengthened himself, and sat on the bed.” Both names of the Patriarch are used here.
Gen. 48:3, 4 – “Ya`akob said to Yosef, ‘`El Shaddai appeared to me at Luz in the land of Kana`an, and blessed me, and said to me, ‘Behold, I will make you fruitful, and multiply you, and I will make of you a company of peoples, and will give this land to your seed after you for an everlasting possession.’” Ya`akob re-affirms the Covenant Yahuah gave to Abraham (Gen. 17:6, 7), Yitzkhak (Gen. 26:4) and to himself (Gen. 28: 13, 14).
Gen. 48:5 – “Now your two sons, who were born to you in the land of Egypt before I came to you into Egypt, are mine; Efrayim and M`nasheh, even as Re’uben and Shim`on, will be mine.” M`nasheh was the first-born with Efrayim Yosef’s second son (Gen. 41:51, 52; 48:1). However, Ya`akob reverses this order, prior to laying on of hands. Ya`akob seeks to adopt Yosef’s two sons, putting them on the same status as his own sons. As M`nasheh and Efrayim were allocated an equal share, this is in fact giving Yosef a double share, indicating that he was Ya`akob’s bekhorrar.
Gen. 48:6 – “Your issue, who you become the father of after them, will be yours. They will be called after the name of their brothers in their inheritance.” Ya`akob acknowledges that Yosef may have further sons, but these are to be considered as sons of M`nasheh and Efrayim, “The sons of Re`uben the firstborn of Yisra`el (for he was the firstborn; but, because he defiled his father’s couch, his birthright was given to the sons of Yosef the son of Yisra`el; and the genealogy is not to be reckoned after the birthright. For Yehudah prevailed above his brothers, and of him came the prince; but the birthright was Yosef’s:) (1 Chron. 5:1, 2). Thus, Efrayim and M`nasheh would become the heads of two of the tribes considered as the Tribes of Yisra`el (Ya`akob).
Efrayim and M`nasheh are born in Egypt, but Ya`akob adopts them as his own. Here the inference is that any sons born to Yosef after Ya`akob’s death are to be considered as the sons of Efrayim and M`nasheh, even though they are siblings.
Gen. 48:8 – “Yisra`el saw Yosef’s sons, and said, ‘Who are these?’” This question is not asking to whom the sons belong, but rather which son was which.
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Gen. 48:9, 10 – “Yosef said to his father, ‘They are my sons, whom `Elohiym has given me here.’ He said, ‘Please bring them to me, and I will bless them.’ Now the eyes of Yisra`el were dim for age, so that he could not see. He brought them near to him; and he kissed them, and embraced them.” The sons were about twenty and eighteen years old.
Gen. 48:12 – “Yosef brought them out from between his knees, and he bowed himself with his face to the earth.” The act of adoption traditionally required the adoptee kneeling in between the adopter’s knees. This symbolic act is a testimony to the witnesses that the adoptee is now to be considered as having come from the loins of the adopter. This is applicable to both father and mother as can be seen in Rakhel’s adoption of Bilhah’s children as her own (Gen. 30:3).
It is from this position that Yosef calls out his sons, and bowed in acknowledgement of the blessings of Ya`akob, and that he has been blessed with the bakkor.
Gen. 48:13 – “Yosef took them both, Efrayim in his right hand toward Yisra`el’s left hand, and M`nasheh in his left hand toward Yisra`el’s right hand, and brought them near to him.” Efrayim was presented to Ya`akob’s left hand and M`nasheh to his right hand which is of greater significance. Yosef expected his father to bless his sons according to birth.
Gen. 48:14 – “Yisra`el stretched out his right hand, and laid it on Efrayim’s head, who was the younger, and his left hand on M`nasheh’s head, guiding his hands knowingly, for M`nasheh was the firstborn.” Ya`akob stretches out his hands towards the young men. His eyesight was failing, but he knowingly crossed his hands. That he knowingly acted in this matter suggests that he was guided by HaRuakh in giving the major blessing to the younger son and the lesser blessing to the older son.
Gen. 48:15 – “He blessed Yosef, and said, ‘The `Elohiym before whom my fathers Abraham and Yitzchak did walk, the `Elohiym who has fed me all my life long to this day,”
רָעָה #H7462 rar-ar although this is usually translated as feed, it has a much wider sense of feeding, guarding and shepherding. It is a covenantal word in association with `Elohiym, referring back to the promises of `Elohiym.
Gen. 48:16 – “the Angel who has redeemed me from all evil, bless the lads, and let my name be named on them, and the name of my fathers Abraham and Yitzchak. Let them grow into a multitude in the midst of the earth.”
גָּאַל #H1350 gar-el redeem. This is the first mention of one of the most significant words in Scripture – redeem. To whom was Ya`akob referring? “The Messenger of `Elohiym said to me in the dream…‘I am the `El of Beit-El, where you anointed a pillar, where you vowed a vow to me.’” (Gen. 31:11, 13). The impact of this statement is lost in English, where both `Elohiym and `El are usually translated as God. In other words, the Angel was no other than the physical presence of `Elohiym, the pre-incarnate Yahusha.
Again, the English translation does not convey the true meaning. Ya`akob is saying that when he was at Beit-`El the Messenger said, “Your name will no longer be called ‘Ya`akob,’ but, ‘Yisra`el,’ for you have fought with `Elohiym and with men, and have prevailed.’” (Gen. 32:28). In ancient traditions, a name meant more than just an identification but an indication of a person’s perceived or actual character. Ya`akob went to Beit-`El as ‘Ya`akob’
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but left as ‘Yisra`el’: no longer the ‘Supplanter’ but ‘`El Prevails’. Ya`akob was not asking for the young mento have his surname, as would happen with western adoption, but to be blessed with the character of Yisra`el. From when Ya`akob’s named was changed, all Scripture references to Ya`akob relates to the flesh; all references to Yisra`el relates to the Spirit.
Gen. 48:17-19 – “When Yosef saw that his father laid his right hand on the head of Efrayim, it displeased him. He held up his father’s hand, to remove it from Efrayim’s head to M`nasheh’s head. Yosef said to his father, ‘Not so, my father; for this is the firstborn; put your right hand on his head.’” Although Yosef tried to swop back over his father’s hands, thinking that it was done in error due to his poor eyesight, Ya`akob assures Yosef it is to be so. Yosef’s poor physical eyesight is no match for Ya`akob’s spiritual sight.
Gen. 48:20 – “He blessed them that day, saying, ‘In you will Yisra`el bless, saying, `Elohiym make you as Efrayim and as M`nasheh.’ He set Efrayim before M`nasheh.” Both sons, and their subsequent tribes, will become a blessing to all Yisra`elites around the world. In the Shabbat Sidur, the father’s blessing upon his sons by prayer is ‘May you be as Efrayim and M`nasheh’ (daughters are blessed with ‘May you be like Sarah, Rivkah, Rachel and Leah’).
In the wilderness census, M`nasheh would be numerically superior, but not in status (Num. 26:28-37). Efrayim would become the more prominent tribe, and after the schism. The northern tribes would be known as Efrayim/Yisra`el (cf Isa. 7:2-17; Hos. 9:3-16).
Gen. 48:21 – “Yisra`el said to Yosef, ‘Behold, I am dying, but `Elohiym will be with you, and bring you again to the land of your fathers.’” This prophecy relates to Yosef eventually returning to the Land of the Covenant. In the first instance this was to e fulfilled by Yosef and his brothers returning with Ya`akob’s body after his death (cf Gen. 50:13). The second instance would be several generations later, after the Exodus (cf Exod. 13:19).
Gen. 48:22 – “‘Moreover I have given to you one portion above your brothers, which I took out of the hand of the Amori with my sword and with my bow.’” The one city that Ya`akob overthrew was Shekhem. This was not accomplished by military skill, but by the deceit of Levi and Simeon (cf Gen. 34:26).
Gen. 49:1-28 are blessings of Ya`akob to his sons, but will be manifested by the subsequent tribes once the Yisra`elites settled in the Covenant Land and in the time of the Judges and will reflect the personalities of each son.
Gen. 49:1 – “Ya`akob called to his sons, and said: ‘Gather yourselves together, that I may tell you that which will happen to you in the days to come. Assemble yourselves, and hear, you sons of Ya`akob; Listen to Yisra`el, your father.’” Rabbinic tradition states that Ya`akob was to reveal details of the Messiah to come, but was prevented from doing so by HaRuakh, and so leads to the individual prophecies. These prophecies for the sons and ultimately for their subsequent tribes, takes the form of Hebraic poetry. The significance of the prophecies will be for the tribes and their particular tribal characteristic.
The order of the names is not that of their natural birth order (cf Gen. 29:32-30:24; 35:18). For the purposes of this study, the order will remain as in this Chapter except Y`hudah will be left until last.
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Gen. 49:3, 4 – “Re`uben, you are my firstborn, my might, and the beginning of my strength; The pre-eminence of dignity, and the pre-eminence of power. Unstable as water, you shall not have the pre-eminence; because you went up to your father’s bed; Then defiled it. He went up to my couch.”
רְאוּבֵן #H7205 Ray-oo-bane Behold a son (Gen. 29:32). Re`uben was the natural first-born, habakkor. The first-born should have a three-part blessing of the double portion of the bakkor, the priesthood and a kingdom (Hertz p. 183 quoting Onkelos). All three would be characteristics of the Messiah.
However, due to his sexual activity with Bilhah, he forfeited his birthright (power) to Yosef, and through him to Efrayim and M`nasheh (Gen. 35:22; 1 Chron. 5:1). As the first-born, he would have been the prime candidate for the Seed-Son, HaZehrair, but he forfeited this (dignity/power) to Y`hudah (Gen. 49:8). The priesthood would be given over to Levi (Num. 3:41). The tribe of Re`uben all but disappears during the wilderness journey, but is saved by the intercession of Moshe (Deut. 33:6, 7).
פַּחַז #H6349 pa-khaz unstable, reckless, unbridled license. The connotation of the this is that Re`uben was not able to control his passions and displays lack of self-control, a characteristic unworthy of leadership.
Gen. 49:5, 6 – “Shim`on and Levi are brothers; Weapons of violence are their swords. My soul, do not come into their council; My glory, do not be united to their assembly; For in their anger they killed a man, In their self-will they hamstrung an ox.”
שִׁמְעוֹן #H8095 Shim-oan – Heard (with the idea of being acted upon).
לֵוִי #H3878 Le-vee – joined to.
Shim`on and Levi were full brothers who were akin in their violent character. This deceit caused Ya`akob’s name to be anathema to the other nations, so he did not want to be associate with the brothers.
Shim`on was not allocated a portion of land for themselves, but receive a parcel of land from Y`hudah (Joshua 19:1-9). In the census of Num. 26:14, Shim`on was noted to be the numerically smallest tribe.
Levi was only allocated the forty-eight Cities of Refuge within the boundaries of the other tribes (Num. 35:1-8). The main consideration of the tribe of Levi is that it was to be the priestly tribe after the Golden Calf incident in the wilderness (Exod. 32:27-29).
Both tribes of Shim`on and Levi did not feature in the blessings of Moshe in Gen. 33.
Gen. 49:13 – “Z`bulun will dwell at the haven of the sea. He will be for a haven of ships. His border will be on Tzidon.”
זְבוּלוּן #H2074 Zeb-oo-loon – exalted, from the primitive root זָבַל #H2082 zar-bal dwell with me.
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Many commentators disagree with the actual boundaries of the land allocated to Z`bulun, as these seem to change frequently. Maps generally show this portion as being landlocked, in contradiction with this prophecy. However, there may have been times when the portion went as far west as the Mediterranean Sea, but was lost due to other nations encroachment.
Nevertheless, what is generally accepted is that the major highway known as the Via Maris, that carried trade from Egypt, through Yisra`el and around the Fertile Crescent into Mesopotamia.
Natzaret, the birthplace of the Master Yahusha, was located in the land of Z`bulun.
Gen. 49:14, 15 – “Yissakhar is a strong donkey, lying down between the saddlebags. He saw a resting-place, that it was good. The land, that it was pleasant; he bows his shoulder to the burden, and becomes a servant doing forced labour.”
יִשָּׂשׂכָר #H3485 Yis-sar-khar – There is recompense.
Yissakhar was to be a numerically strong tribe, but lacked any political ambition (Fruchtenbaum p. 606). They were content to cultivate the fertile Yizre`el Valley. This valley is overlooked from the north by Mount Tabor, and from the south by Mont Gilboa, likened to twin saddlebags.
The lack of political power would lead to surrounding nations raiding the territory, imposing forced labour and taking tribute from the tribe.
Gen. 48:16 – “the Angel who has redeemed me from all evil, bless the lads, and let my name be named on them, and the name of my fathers Abraham and Yitzkhak. Let them grow into a multitude in the midst of the land.” Ya`akob calls a blessing from Yahuah that may the two adopted sons be found worthy to carry on the name of Ya`akob and his predecessors (Hertz p. 182 quoting Sforno).
Gen. 49:17-19 – “Dan will judge his people, as one of the tribes of Yisra`el. Dan will be a serpent in the way, an adder in the path, that bites the horse’s heels, so that his rider falls backward. I have waited for your salvation, Yahuah.”
דָּן #H1835 Darn – a Judge.
Many commentators have suggested that this prophecy is in regard to the Anti-Messiah (Gen. 3:15, Jer. 8:16), and may be confirmed by Dan’s future prospects (Charles p. 208).
Although Shimson was to be one of the main named Judges (Jud. 13:1-16:31), the tribe of Dan fell into gross idolatry and immorality and rejected the land allocated to them by Yahuah (Jud. 18:1-31; 1 Kgs. 12:25-33).
The tribe of Dan was amongst the most numerous during the wilderness census (Num. 1:38, 39; 2:25, 26), but it is said to have been attracted to the idolatry and immorality of the Phoenicians after generations of border conflicts and were ultimately subsumed by that nation (2 Chron. 2:14) (GotQuestions.org).
Dan’s method of warfare, guerilla hit and run tactics are most suitable to maximise the limited resources of a small clan.
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Dan is not mentioned as one of the twelve tribes of the sealed one hundred and forty-four thousand of Revelation, having its place taken by M`nasheh (Rev. 7:4-8), but is named as one of the gates of the Third Temple (Eze. 48:32).
Gen. 49:19 – “Gad, a troop will press on him; But he will press on their heel.”
גָּד #H1410 Gard – Heb. Troop (marauding gang), from prim. root גּוּד #H1464 gude to overcome (as with an army). Aram./Phoen. – The god of luck and may be that it is Le`ah’s exclamation of ‘With Gad’s help’.
A portion of their land allocation was to the east of the Yarden. This location opened it up to constant attacks from desert raiders and went on raiding expedition and settlement to and fro’d (cf Jer. 49:1).
Gen. 49:20 – “Out of Asher his bread will be fat, He will yield royal dainties.”
אָשֵׁר #H836 Ar-share – Heb. happy. Cana. – the goddess `Ashoret.
Bread is considered as food, in that bread is the staple food of the region. The costal location of the land allocation is particularly fine for growing of olive trees and the oil synonymous with fat and costly delicacies.
Gen. 49:21 – “Naftali is a doe set free, Who bears beautiful fawns.”
נַפְתָּלִי #H5321 Naf-tar-lee – wrestling.
Naftali needs to be able to move rapidly as a deer, as they engaged in mountain guerilla warfare (Jud. 4:1-24).
Rabbinic tradition states that Tiberias will be bestow prominence unto the Messiah (Fruchtenbaum p. 610 quoting Midrash Rabbah Bereshit 97). Lake Tiberias or the Sea of Galil is partly located in the region of Naftali, and in particularly Kafar-Nachum, the base of the Master Yahusha’s earthly ministry (Matt. 4:13) is located here.
Gen. 49:22 – “Yosef is a fruit bough, A fruitful bough by a spring; His branches run over the wall.”
יוֹסֵף #H3031 Yo-safe – Yahuah has added.
This verse is very enigmatic, with the literal translation being: “Yosef is a fruitful son, A fruitful son by a spring. His daughters run over the wall.” It seems to be saying that Yosef will have many descendants because the fruit is not dependent upon rain, being situated at a natural water source. These descendants will continue to prosper outside of Yisra`el.
Gen. 49:23 – “The archers have sorely grieved him, Shot at him, and persecute him:” This is reference to the persecution that Yosef had to undergo, from his brothers and Potifar’s wife. These tests of faith, Yosef passed.
Gen. 49:24 – “But his bow abode in strength, The arms of his hands were made strong, By the hands of the Mighty One of Ya`akov, (From there is the shepherd, the stone of Yisra`el),” Bow strength means to retain a fixed shape, to be steadfast. This symbol is of an archer straining to keep the bow string taunt and the bow bent, requiring great strength.
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This trial under pressure produces prosperity, not his own but Yahuah’s. Yahuah is the `Elohiym of Ya`akob and Yisra`el who kept his father safe in the land of adversity.
From `El Elyon will come the Shepherd of Yisra`el. In mentioning the stone, there are future allusions to `El Shaddai’ s provision in the wilderness of living water(Exod. 17:6). “Even by the `Elohiym of your father, who will help you, By Shaddai, who will bless you, With blessings of heaven above, Blessings of the deep that lies below, Blessings of the breasts, and of the womb. He alone is my rock and my yeshu`ah, my fortress. I will never be greatly shaken.” (Psa. 62:1, 2). They remembered that `Elohiym was their rock, The El `Elyon their redeemer.” (Psa. 78:35). “and all drank the same spiritual drink. For they drank of a spiritual rock that followed them, and the rock was the Messiah.” (1 Cor. 10:4).
A further allusion comes in the word אֶבֶן #H68 eh-ben – stone is from the same root as בֵּן #H1121 ben – son whose Father is the source of all blessings.
Gen. 49:25a – “Even by the `Elohiym of your father, who will help you, By Shaddai, who will bless you, With blessings of heaven above, Blessings of the deep that lies below…” The vine will be watered from above by dew, and from the water from the ground (Deut. 33:13).
Gen. 49:25b – “…Blessings of the breasts, and of the womb.” Yosef’s children Efrayim and M`nasheh would be amongst the most numerous of tribes. `El Shaddai is often represented as the multi-breasted `El of provision.
Gen. 49:26 – “The blessings of your father Have prevailed above the blessings of the ancient mountains, Above the bounty of the age-old hills. They will be on the head of Yosef, On the crown of the head of him who is separated from his brothers.” The Patriarchs were increasingly more blessed: Abraham having only one son to bless, Yitzkhak; Yitzkhak having two Ya`acob and Yishma`el; Ya`acob blesses all fourteen of his children. The blessings of the hills is an over-abundance of fruitfulness (Deut. 33:13-17).
Yosef is confirmed as the head (crown) of the family once Ya`acob passes away.
Gen. 49:27 – “Binyamin is a ravenous wolf. In the morning he will devour the prey. At evening he will divide the spoil.”
בִּנְיָמִין #H1144 Bin-yar-meen Son of the right hand.
Benyamin was the only recorded child to be born in the Land and as a tribe would turn out to be a ferocious warrior, although being amongst the numerically smaller tribes.
Gen. 49:8 – “Y`hudah, your brothers will praise you: Your hand will be on the neck of your enemies; Your father’s sons will bow down before you.” The emphasis is upon Y`hudah being the premier son/tribe, a victorious lion, riches of the land, but ultimately the blessing of the Messianic Seed.
Gen. 49:9 – “Y`hudah is a lion’s cub. From the prey, my son, you have gone up. He stooped down, he crouched as a lion, As a lioness. Who will rouse him up?”
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יְהוּדָה #H3063 Yeh-oo-dar – praised.
Y`hudah will be the praise of all His brethren who will bow down before Him. He will have the pre-eminence of all the tribes when the tribe of Y`hudah will lead off the Assembly of all the tribes after resting up in the wilderness (Num. 2:3-9). As the vanguard of the tribes, y`hudah will always be the first to engage the enemy, and was so against the Kana`ni (Jud. 1:1, 2) where Yahuah promised to give the Land to Him.
Here is the Messianic HaZehrair prophecy through Y`hudah.
The lion is a symbol of strength, vigour and nobility and Bil`am likened all of Yisra`el with the blessings of Y`hudah (Num. 24:9). The pre-eminence will increase as the power of the lion increases at it matures.
Gen. 49:10a – “The sceptre will not depart from Y`hudah, Nor the ruler’s staff from between His feet…”
Sceptre – is a symbol of Kingship and the promise of a future King is given. The people would cry out to Yahuah for a king but Sha`ul who was anointed was not from Y`hudah but Binyamin (1 Sam. 9:1-27). Wanting a king was not of itself sinful, but it was the reason to be like other nations (1 Sam. 8:5). It was Yahuah’s will that all of Yisra`el to acknowledge Him as their King. However, Sha`ul was to be a temporary appointment until Dawid, of the tribe of Y`hudah was raised up (1 Sam. 28:17).
Staff – is a symbol of the Law-giver and Chastiser and by extension, Judge, “He will judge the world in righteousness. He will administer judgment to the peoples in uprightness.” (Psa. 9:8); “who will give account to him who is ready to judge the living and the dead.” (1 Pt. 4:5).
Gen. 49:10b – “…Until Shiloh comes. To Him will the obedience of the peoples be.”
Shiloh – שִׁילֹה #H7886 Shee-low He whose it is. However, this meaning derives from the LXX and Targums requiring the manuscript to be changed. If this is to be an epithet of the coming Messiah, there is no confirming Scripture in the Renewed Covenant (Harris et al p. 919).
Shiloh was a city that had housed the Aron (Ark of the Covenant) for three hundred years since Yahusha established it as his centre of operations (Josh. 18:1) until the city was destroyed c. 1050 B.C.E. when the Aron was taken by the P`listim (1 Sam. 4: 1-22; Psa. 78:56-60).
The inhabitants of Shiloh may have engaged in sexual immorality and idolatry, but considered themselves safe from the wrath of Yahuah because the Mishkhan and Aron. Yahuah warns Yirmeyahu that if Y`hudah do not turn away from sexual immorality, idolatry, greed, oppression, murder, swearing false oaths etc. that He will do to Yerushalayim what He did to Shiloh (Jer. 7:1-34; 26:4-9). Their reliance upon Yahuah’s support rested in the presence of the Aron, and not in the protection and provision of Yahuah Himself (1 Sam. 4:3).
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The principal grammatical word in this sentence is the preposition, ‘until’. The sceptre and staff will be passed down from generation to generation in Y`hudah’s hand until He who destroys the Second Temple (cf Jer. 7:13, 14) and returns as the rightful King of all kings, takes them up upon His triumphant return. This could not be the Master Yahusha in His First Coming, but when He returns as the Messiah Yahusha in His Second Coming. It is during this Millennial Kingdom that the Messiah Yahusha will be the Law-giver, Judge and Chastiser. When He eventually takes up His dominion, all the earth will bow before Him.
Gen. 49:11a – “Binding his foal to the vine, His donkey’s colt to the choice vine…” This may be taken to as
(i) that the vines are so robust and vigorous that it is possible to tie a donkey to it without damaging the plant;
(ii) that it will take a donkey to carry a single bunch of grapes (cf Num. 13:23);
(iii) that the vine is so productive that the wine flows like water.
Y`hudah is the present day main area of vine production.
The donkey/ass/colt is Rabbinically associated with the Messiah (cf Zech. 9:9; Matt. 21:5).
Gen. 49:11b – “…He has washed his garments in wine, His robes in the blood of grapes:” These are indicative of the Messiah in the End Times (Isa. 63:1-6; Rev.14:17-20).
Yahuah bless you and keep you,
Yahuah make His face to shine upon you and be gracious unto you,
Yahuah lift up His face toward you and give you peace.
All glory be to Yahuah,
Ameyn
References and Credits
In using these references, it is in no way agreeing to or condoning the theological viewpoint of the authors.
Benner J.A. (2005) Ancient Hebrew Lexicon of the Bible. Virtualbookworm.com,
(denoted by ~) College Station, TX, U,S.A.
Charles R.H. A Critical And Exegetical Commentary On The Revelation
(1979) Of St. John, Vol. I, T&T Clark, Edinburgh.
Chartrand P. Torah Revealed, Book One, Bereshit (Genesis), Chartrand, Arroyo Grande, CA.
Danielli Y.R. (2020) Moses Wrote About Me, Tour Your Roots, Isr.
Fruchtenbaum A.G. The Book of Genesis, 6th. Ed., Ariel Mins., San Antonio, TX.
(2023)
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Harris R.L., Archer Theological Wordbook of the Old Testament, Moody, Chicago,
G.J. Jr., Waltke B.K.(1980) Il.
Hertz Dr. J.H. (1987) Pentateuch & Haftorah, 2nd. ed., Socino Press, London.
Strong J. (1994) Strong’s New Exhaustive Concordance of the Bible, World
(denoted by #H or #G) Bible Publishers Inc., Madison.
Strong J. (1996) The New Strong’s Complete Dictionary of Bible Words,
(denoted by #H or #G) Thomas Nelson, Nashville.
https://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/6679788/jewish/14-facts-you-should-know
-about-Laban-the-aramean.htm
https://gotquestions.org/tribe-dan-missing-144000.html
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First Generation Assembly 